The extreme ultraviolet lithography machine, which makes the most advanced semiconductors, is arguably the world’s most important device. It is made only by ASML, a Dutch company. Now the Trump administration has thrown the firm into crisis by warning that one of its machines may have reached China. Impossible, says ASML.

Elsewhere, women have made extraordinary professional gains in recent decades. Yet their progress at the very top has stalled: their share of C-suite positions is falling. We explain why the “Lean In” generation is leaning out.

What to expect in the week ahead:

▸ On Tuesday Marine Le Pen, leader of France’s National Rally, will learn whether an appeals court upholds a ban on her running for office over the misuse of European funds. If it does, next April Jordan Bardella, her protégé, will be the populist-right party’s candidate for the French presidency. Polls suggest that Mr Bardella, a charismatic 30-year-old, would lead the voting in the first round of a presidential election by a crushing margin.

▸ NATO leaders will gather in Ankara, Turkey’s capital, on Tuesday and Wednesday. Writing for The Economist, Mark Rutte, the alliance’s secretary-general, says stronger defence is a crucial deterrent for Europe in “this more dangerous world”. He and other European leaders will hope that the meeting eases transatlantic tensions after a tempestuous year.

▸ SK Hynix, the world’s second-largest memory-chip maker, is looking to raise nearly $30bn when it debuts on America’s Nasdaq exchange on Friday. Its listing could match the $29.4bn raised by Saudi Aramco’s initial public offering in 2019, a record until SpaceX’s $85.7bn IPO in June. Last month Hynix briefly overtook Samsung Electronics as South Korea’s most valuable company. The two firms dominate the market for high-bandwidth memory chips , which are crucial for artificial-intelligence models.