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The research enterprise as a whole has faced increased scrutiny of late in the United States. Funding for science and questions about who is conducting research, what questions they’re investigating and why are all garnering more headlines than I’ve ever noticed in the past.
At The Conversation, we’ve decided to try to explain parts of the scientific endeavor that usually happen behind the scenes. We’re working on a collection of stories that focuses more on how science gets done than on any one particular research finding.
Today, physical geographer Jeffrey A. Lee describes the sometimes unspoken expectations within the research community about how science should be properly carried out. He writes that there’s a consensus that “science advances most effectively when scientists conduct themselves in certain ways.”
Lee lists four guidelines that were first explicitly spelled out more than 80 years ago – and two more he adds to the list for 2025.
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Maggie Villiger
Senior Science + Technology Editor
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Mentors model the ethical pursuit of scientific knowledge.
sanjeri/E+ via Getty Images
Jeffrey A. Lee, Texas Tech University
While rarely explicitly taught to scientists in training, a set of common values guides science in the quest to advance knowledge while being ethical and trustworthy.
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Economy + Business
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Paula de la Cruz-Fernández, University of Florida; Avi Ackerman, University of Florida
While economic forces have streamlined many global dishes into uniform, predictable formats, pizza continues to thrive in all its messy and delicious variety.
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Massimo Ruzzene, University of Colorado Boulder
Federal funding cuts in the billions have impacted dozens of universities in the US.
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Environment + Energy
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Lori Hunter, University of Colorado Boulder
Rural hospitals have been closing, putting emergency care further out of reach, but that’s only one of the heightened challenges aging rural communities face after a disaster.
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Justin Alger, The University of Melbourne; D.G. Webster, Dartmouth College; Jessica Green; Kate J Neville, University of Toronto; Stacy D VanDeveer, UMass Boston; Susan M Park, University of Sydney
Commercial mining of the deep sea could begin soon. But these metals and minerals are not scarce. Mining will be harmful and the economic benefits are overstated.
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Ethics + Religion
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Art Jipson, University of Dayton
The Seven Mountain Mandate calls on Christians to gain influence, or ‘take dominion,’ over seven key areas of culture: religion, family, education, government, media, business and the arts.
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Education
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John V. Winters, Iowa State University
Higher education often delays the age of a first marriage, but its effects later on in life are more mixed.
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Science + Technology
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Mike Chapple, University of Notre Dame
Your personal privacy depends on your awareness, tech controls that allow you to decide what to share, and public policies that take personal privacy into account.
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Politics + Society
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Paul M. Collins Jr., UMass Amherst
What is the purpose of US District Courts
and Court of Appeals, and why do some courts have multiple judges and others have only one?
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International
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Salah Ben Hammou, Rice University
Five years since the Mali coup of 2020, the key lesson is that the international community must move beyond the view of coups as isolated events.
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