Read Carl Minzner on the fate of great powers.
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Elderly people look on next to decorative installation on the first day of the Lunar New Year of the Horse at the Dongyue Temple in Beijing, China, February 17, 2026.

China’s Long Twilight

Demographic Decline, Political Paralysis,
and the Fate of Great Powers

By Carl Minzner

Elderly people look on next to decorative installation on the first day of the Lunar New Year of the Horse at the Dongyue Temple in Beijing, China, February 17, 2026.

China’s Long
Twilight

Demographic Decline, Political Paralysis, and the Fate of Great Powers

By Carl Minzner

This is an early access article from the upcoming November/December issue.
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The story of twenty-first-century China “is not just one of demographic decline but also one of political paralysis—and what happens when those two intersect,” writes Carl Minzner in a new essay in the forthcoming issue of Foreign Affairs. “It is this combination that makes China’s future especially bleak.”

 

The country, he warns, is on track to end up with a “sclerotic political regime rendered increasingly brittle by worsening social, gender, and generational divides.” But observers in Washington should not gloat about their rival’s fate. “China’s trajectory is ultimately a warning: demographic decline and political erosion can hollow out any great power—including the United States.”

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