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mples and notes: in many monocots the functional root system is adventitious (forming a fibrous habit); maize (Zea mays) produces nodal brace/prop roots that stabilise the stem; banyan (Ficus spp.) develops aerial adventitious roots that may become supportive trunks; many cuttings root adventitiously during vegetative propagation. Anatomy The cross-section of a barley root Root morphology is divided into four zones: the root cap, the apical meristem, the elongation zone, and the hair. The root cap of new roots helps the root penetrate the soil. These root caps are sloughed off as the root goes deeper creating a slimy surface that provides lubrication. The apical meristem behind the root cap produces new root cells that elongate. Then, root hairs form that absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil. The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle, which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair, epidermis, epiblem, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and, lastly, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant.[clarification needed] Ranunculus root cross section Perhaps the most striking characteristic of roots that distinguishes them from other plant organs such as stem-branches and leaves is that roots have an endogenous origin, i.e., they originate and develop from an inner layer of the mother axis, such as pericycle. In contrast, stem-branches and leaves are exogenous, i.e., they start to develop from the cortex, an outer layer. In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots also synthesize cytokinin, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots can grow. Roots often function in storage of food and nutrients. The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizae, and a large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots. Large, mature tree roots above the soil Root system architecture (RSA) Tree roots at Cliffs of the Neuse State Park Definition In its simplest form, the term root system architecture (RSA) refers to the spatial configuration of a plant's root system. This system can be extr